El deontologismo de immanuel kant biography
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Though Kant calls the prohibition against suicide the first duty of human beings to themselves, his arguments for this duty lack his characteristic rigor and systematicity. The lack of a single authoritative Kantian approach to suicide more
Though Kant calls the prohibition against suicide the first duty of human beings to themselves, his arguments for this duty lack his characteristic rigor and systematicity. The lack of a single authoritative Kantian approach to suicide casts doubt on what is generally regarded as an extreme and implausible position, to wit, that not only is suicide wrong in every circumstance, but is among the gravest moral wrongs. Here I try to remedy this lack of systematicity in order to show that Kant's position on suicide is more appealing and credible than it seems at first glance. Kant in fact offers three distinct lines of argument against suicide. The first, the chief argument in his Lectures on Ethics, holds that suicide violates the divine will, f
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É inegável a importância da Teoria do Direito, de Hans Kelsen, para a tradição jurídica. Sua construção teórica abriu novos caminhos ao estudo do Direito ainda no início do século XX. E por mais que o Mestre de Viena tenha sido more
É inegável a importância da Teoria do Direito, de Hans
Kelsen, para a tradição jurídica. Sua construção teórica abriu novos
caminhos ao estudo do Direito ainda no início do século XX. E
por mais que o Mestre de Viena tenha sido excomungado da
Filosofia do Direito no pós-II Guerra, seu exemplo de vida,
pessoal e acadêmica, ainda inspira os juristas contemporâneos e
suas Teses ainda pairam nos estudos jurídicos atuais, mesmo que,
muitas vezes, de maneira silenciosa. Kelsen ainda é considerado
um dos maiores juristas dos últimos tempos, e sua doutrina pura
do Direito permanece como um desafio para a Filosofia jurídica
neste início do século XXI. A busca pela pureza metodológica, pela
objetividade, pelo rigor científico e, no campo político, pela paz
social
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Deontological Ethics
1. Deontology’s Foil: Consequentialism
Because deontological theories are best understood in contrast to consequentialist ones, a brief look at consequentialism and a survey of the problems with it that motivate its deontological opponents, provides a helpful prelude to taking up deontological theories themselves. Consequentialists hold that choices—acts and/or intentions—are not the primary focus of value—that consists of ställning eller tillstånd of affairs. Choices are to be derivatively assessed, in terms of the states of affairs they bring about. Consequentialists thus must specify the states of affairs that are intrinsically valuable—often called, collectively, “the Good.” They then are in a position to assert that whatever choices increase the Good, that fryst vatten, bring about more of it, are the choices that it is morally right to make and to execute. (The Good in that sense fryst vatten said to be prior to “the Right.”)
Consequent